Seasonal variations and sources of mass and chemical composition for PM10 aerosol in Hangzhou, China--颗粒学报PARTICUOLOGY

Cao, J., Shen, Z., Chow, J. C., Qi, G., & Watson, J. G. (2009). Seasonal variations and sources of mass and chemical composition for PM10 aerosol in Hangzhou, China. Particuology, 7(3), 161–168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.partic.2009.01.009

Seasonal variations and sources of mass and chemical composition for PM₁₀aerosol in Hangzhou, China

Junji Cao ^{a b *}, Zhenxing Shen ^b, Judith C. Chow ^c, Guowei Qi ^d, John G. Watson ^c

a State Key Lab of Loess and Quaternary Geology - SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710075, China
b Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
c Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Desert Research Institute, Reno, USA
d Hangzhou Municipal Environmental Monitoring Center, Hangzhou 310007, China

10.1016/j.partic.2009.01.009

Volume 7, Issue 3, June 2009, Pages 161-168

Received 1 June 2008, Accepted 22 January 2009, Available online 18 April 2009.

E-mail: cao@loess.llqg.ac.cn

Highlights

Abstract

Aerosol observation was conducted for four seasons from September 2001 to August 2002 at five sampling sites in Hangzhou, South China, on PM₁₀ mass, 22 elements (Na, Mg, Al, Si, P, S, K, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Br, Cd, Ba, and Pb), 5 major ions (F⁻, Cl⁻, NO³⁻, SO₄²⁻, and NH₄⁺), and organic and elemental carbon (OC and EC), showing that PM10 mass ranged from 46.7 to 270.8 μg/m³, with an annual average of 119.2 μg/m³. Na, Al, Si, S, K, Ca, and Fe were the most abundant elements in PM₁₀, most of S being in the form of SO₄²⁻. SO₄²⁻, NO₃⁻, and NH₄⁺ were the major ions, which contributed to about 20% of the PM₁₀ mass. The mean seasonal concentrations for SO₄²⁻, averaged over all sites, were found to be 18.0, 18.5, 24.7, and 21.4 μg/m³, for spring, summer, autumn, and winter, respectively, while the corresponding loadings for NO₃⁻ were 7.2, 4.7, 7.1, and 11.2 μg/m³, and for NH₄⁺ were 6.0, 5.9, 8.2, and 9.3 μg/m³, in the form mostly of NH₄NO₃ in spring, autumn, and winter, and mostly of (NH₄)₂SO₄ in summer. The low NO₃⁻/SO₄²⁻ ratio found indicates coal combustion as the major source throughout the year. The mean annual concentrations of OC and EC in PM₁₀ were found to be 21.4, and 4.1 μg/m³, respectively. Material balance calculation indicated that fugitive dust, the secondary aerosol, and carbonaceous matter were the most abundant species in PM₁₀ for the four seasons, as is characteristic for cities in South China.

Graphical abstract

Keywords

PM₁₀; Elements; Ions; Carbon; Material balance

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