Volume 11 Issue 1
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Geng, N., Wang, J., Xu, Y., Zhang, W., Chen, C., & Zhang, R. (2013). PM2.5 in an industrial district of Zhengzhou, China: Chemical composition and source apportionment. Particuology, 11(1), 99–109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.partic.2012.08.004
PM2.5 in an industrial district of Zhengzhou, China: Chemical composition and source apportionment
Ningbo Geng a, Jia Wang a, Yifei Xu a, Wending Zhang a, Chun Chen b, Ruiqin Zhang a *
a Research Institute of Environmental Science, Department of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
b Henan Environmental Monitoring Center, Zhengzhou 450004, Henan, China
10.1016/j.partic.2012.08.004
Volume 11, Issue 1, February 2013, Pages 99-109
Received 17 December 2011, Revised 23 July 2012, Accepted 22 August 2012, Available online 3 January 2013.
E-mail: rqzhang@zzu.edu.cn; hjkx@zzu.edu.cn

Highlights

► Annual average PM2.5 level in Zhengzhou was 175 μg/m3, higher than accepted standard. 

► The major sources of PM2.5 were soil dust, secondary aerosol and coal combustion. 

► Three main sources contributed respectively 26, 24 and 23% of total PM2.5 mass.

Abstract

Zhengzhou is a developing city in China, that is heavily polluted by high levels of particulate matter. In this study, fine particulate matter (PM2.5) was collected and analyzed for their chemical composition (soluble ions, elements, elemental carbon (EC) and organic carbon (OC)) in an industrial district of Zhengzhou in 2010. The average concentrations of PM2.5 were 181, 122, 186 and 211 μg/m3 for spring, summer, autumn and winter, respectively, with an annual average of 175 μg/m3, far exceeding the PM2.5 regulation of USA National Air Quality Standards (15 μg/m3). The dominant components of PM2.5 in Zhengzhou were secondary ions (sulphate and nitrate) and carbon fractions. Soluble ions, total carbon and elements contributed 41%, 13% and 3% of PM2.5 mass, respectively. Soil dust, secondary aerosol and coal combustion, each contributing about 26%, 24% and 23% of total PM2.5 mass, were the major sources of PM2.5, according to the result of positive matrix factorization analysis. A mixed source of biomass burning, oil combustion and incineration contributed 13% of PM2.5. Fine particulate matter arising from vehicles and industry contributed about 10% and 4% of PM2.5, respectively.

Graphical abstract
Keywords
PM2.5; Component; Seasonal variation; PMF; Source apportionment