Chemical characteristics of PM2.5 during haze episodes in the urban of Fuzhou, China--颗粒学报PARTICUOLOGY

Zhang, F., Xu, L., Chen, J., Chen, X., Niu, Z., Lei, T., Li, C., & Zhao, J. (2013). Chemical characteristics of PM2.5 during haze episodes in the urban of Fuzhou, China. Particuology, 11(3), 264–272. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.partic.2012.07.001

Chemical characteristics of PM_2.5 during haze episodes in the urban of Fuzhou, China

Fuwang Zhang ^{a b}, Lingling Xu ^{a b}, Jinsheng Chen ^a *, Xiaoqiu Chen ^c, Zhenchuan Niu ^a, Tong Lei ^a, Chunming Li ^a, Jinping Zhao ^{a d}

a Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
b Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
c Environmental Monitoring Center of Fujian, Fuzhou 350003, China
d Environmental Monitoring Center of Guangdong, Guangzhou 510308, China

10.1016/j.partic.2012.07.001

Volume 11, Issue 3, June 2013, Pages 264-272

Received 2 May 2011, Revised 21 June 2012, Accepted 25 July 2012, Available online 22 October 2012.

E-mail: jschen@iue.ac.cn

Highlights

► The results highlight effects of PM_2.5to visibility degradation and haze formation in Fuzhou.

► PM_2.5, PAHs, WSIIs, OC and EC were determined during normal and haze days in summer and winter.

► Vehicle exhaust and coal consumption were the main sources of atmospheric pollutants.

► Low visibility was likely due to higher primary accumulation and secondary formation of pollutant.

Abstract

Atmospheric fine particles (PM_2.5) were collected in this study with middle volume samplers in Fuzhou, China, during both normal days and haze days in summer (September 2007) and winter (January 2008). The concentrations, distributions, and sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), and water soluble inorganic ions (WSIIs) were determinated. The results showed that the concentrations of PM_2.5, PAHs, OC, EC, and WSIIs were in the orders of haze > normal and winter > summer. The dominant PAHs of PM_2.5 in Fuzhou were Fluo, Pyr, Chr, BbF, BkF, BaP, BghiP, and IcdP, which represented about 80.0% of the total PAHs during different sampling periods. The BaPeq concentrations of ∑PAHs were 0.78, 0.99, 1.22, and 2.43 ng/m³ in summer normal, summer haze, winter normal, and winter haze, respectively. Secondary pollutants (SO₄²⁻, NO₃⁻, NH₄⁺, and OC) were the major chemical compositions of PM_2.5, accounting for 69.0%, 55.1%, 63.4%, and 64.9% of PM_2.5 mass in summer normal, summer haze, winter normal, and winter haze, respectively. Correspondingly, secondary organic carbon (SOC) in Fuzhou accounted for 20.1%, 48.6%, 24.5%, and 50.5% of OC. The average values of nitrogen oxidation ratio (NOR) and sulfur oxidation ratio (SOR) were higher in haze days (0.08 and 0.27) than in normal days (0.05 and 0.22). Higher OC/EC ratios were also found in haze days (5.0) than in normal days (3.3). Correlation analysis demonstrated that visibility had positive correlations with wind speed, and negative correlations with relative humidity and major air pollutants. Overall, the enrichments of PM_2.5, OC, EC, SO₄²⁻, and NO₃⁻ promoted haze formation. Furthermore, the diagnostic ratios of IcdP/(IcdP + BghiP), IcdP/BghiP, OC/EC, and NO₃⁻/SO₄²⁻ indicated that vehicle exhaust and coal consumption were the main sources of pollutants in Fuzhou.

Graphical abstract

Keywords

Fine particles; Haze; Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons; Organic carbon; Elemental carbon; Water soluble inorganic ions

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