Real-world emission factors for Caterpillar 797B heavy haulers during mining operations--颗粒学报PARTICUOLOGY

Wang, X., Chow, J. C., Kohl, S. D., Percy, K. E., Legge, A. H., & Watson, J. G. (2016). Real-world emission factors for Caterpillar 797B heavy haulers during mining operations. Particuology, 28, 22-30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.partic.2015.07.001

Real-world emission factors for Caterpillar 797B heavy haulers during mining operations

Xiaoliang Wang ^{a b *}, Judith C. Chow ^{a b c}, Steven D. Kohl ^a, Kevin E. Percy ^d, Allan H. Legge ^e, John G. Watson^{a b c}

a Desert Research Institute, 2215 Raggio Parkway, Reno, NV 89512, USA
b Graduate Faculty, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89503, USA
c The State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi’an 710075, China
d Wood Buffalo Environmental Association, 330 Thickwood Boulevard, Fort McMurray, AB, Canada T9K 1Y1
e Biosphere Solutions, 1610 11th Avenue N.W., Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 1G9

10.1016/j.partic.2015.07.001

Volume 28, October 2016, Pages 22-30

Received 23 June 2015, Revised 23 July 2015, Accepted 23 July 2015, Available online 9 October 2015, Version of Record 4 August 2016.

E-mail: Xiaoliang.Wang@dri.edu

Highlights

• Emissions were measured from the world's largest heavy hauler Caterpillar 797Bs.

• Emission factors were determined with haulers operating in Canadian oil sands.

• Emissions factors were examined as a function of hauler activities.

• Idling showed higher fuel-based emission factors for NO_x and particle number.

• Traveling without a load had higher PM_2.5 and black carbon emission factors.

Abstract

Real-world fuel-based emission factors (EFs) from Caterpillar 797B diesel heavy haulers when used for oil sands mining operations were measured using an on-board portable emissions monitoring system. Average EFs (in g/kg fuel) for 16 separate tests on four trucks were 3150 ± 4 for CO₂, 2.51 ± 1.30 for CH₄, 10.28 ± 3.21 for CO, 0.61 ± 0.32 for non-methane hydrocarbons, 55.49 ± 9.75 for NO_x (reported as NO₂), 0.70 ± 0.17 for PM_2.5(mass of particles with aerodynamic diameter <2.5 μm), and 0.34 ± 0.05 for black carbon (BC). Ultrafine particle numbers averaged (4.7 ± 4.1) × 10¹⁵ particles/kg fuel. Fuel-based EFs of NO, NO₂, and particle numbers were higher during idling, whereas PM_2.5 and BC EFs were higher during traveling without a load. A comparison of emissions with those reported by oil sands facilities showed large variations, both among the facilities and between the reported emissions and the real-world measurements.

Graphical abstract

Keywords

Heavy hauler; Emission; Nonroad; Portable emissions measurement system; Mining; Oil sands

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