Microstructuring of titanium surfaces with plasma-modified titanium particles by cold spraying--颗粒学报PARTICUOLOGY

Breuninger, P., Krull, F., Buhl, S., Binder, A., Merz, R., Kopnarski, M., . . . Antonyuk, S. (2019). Microstructuring of titanium surfaces with plasma-modified titanium particles by cold spraying. Particuology, 44, 90-104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.partic.2018.08.002

Microstructuring of titanium surfaces with plasma-modified titanium particles by cold spraying

P. Breuninger ^a *, F. Krull ^a, S. Buhl ^a, A. Binder ^b, R. Merz ^c, M. Kopnarski ^c, B. Sachweh ^b, S. Antonyuk ^a

a Technische Universität Kaiserslautern, Institute of Particle Process Engineering, Kaiserslautern, Germany
b BASF SE, Ludwigshafen, Germany
c IFOS GmbH, Institute for Surface and Thin Film Analysis GmbH, Kaiserslautern, Germany

10.1016/j.partic.2018.08.002

Volume 44, June 2019, Pages 90-104

Received 28 March 2018, Revised 9 August 2018, Accepted 14 August 2018, Available online 18 February 2019, Version of Record 30 April 2019.

E-mail: Paul.Breuninger@mv.uni-kl.de

Highlights

• Ti particles underwent plasma treatment in a PE-CVD process with N₂, C₂H₂ and Ar.

• Treatment increased the deposition efficiency of cold sprayed Ti particles.

• Particle impact velocities and temperatures were obtained by CFD simulations.

• Surface modification shows influence on water contact angle and friction behavior.

Abstract

Although the deposition mechanisms of the cold spray process are well studied, few reports regarding the use of surface-modified particles exist. Herein, titanium particles 3–39 μm in size and with an angular shape were modified in a plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition process in Ar, Ar-C₂H₂, and N₂ plasmas. After Ar-C₂H₂ and N₂ treatments, the respective presence of TiC and TiN on the particle surface was confirmed via transmission electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray, X-ray photoelectron, and Raman spectroscopies. The powders were deposited on titanium substrates by cold spray experiments, where unmodified particles up to 10 μm in size exhibited a successful surface bonding. This finding was described by an existing analytical model, whose parameters were achieved by computational fluid dynamics simulations taking the particle shape factor into account. A good deposition of plasma-modified particles up to 30 μm in size was experimentally observed, exhibiting an upper size limit larger than that predicted by the model. Higher surface roughness values were found for plasma-modified particles, as determined by 3D scanning electron microscopy. The water contact angle indicated that argon treatment influenced the wettability. Tribological tests showed a decrease of the initial friction coefficient from 0.53 to 0.47 by microstructuring.

Graphical abstract

Keywords

Chemical vapor deposition; Cold spray; Surface modification; Computational fluid dynamics

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