Single droplet drying of detergents: Experimentation and modelling (Open Access)--颗粒学报PARTICUOLOGY

Hernandez, B., Mondragon, R., Pinto, M. A., Hernandez, L., Julia, J. E., Jarque, J. C., . . . Martin, M. (2021). Single droplet drying of detergents: Experimentation and modelling. Particuology, 58, 35-47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.partic.2021.01.012

Single droplet drying of detergents: Experimentation and modelling (Open Access)

Borja Hernandez^{a b}, Rosa Mondragon ^c, Mark A. Pinto ^a, Leonor Hernandez ^c, J. Enrique Julia ^c, Juan Carlos Jarque ^d, Sergio Chiva c, Mariano Martin ^b *

a Newcastle Innovation Centre, Procter & Gamble R&D, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
b Departamento de Ingenieria Quimica y Textil. Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
c Departamento de Ingenieria Mecanica y Construccion, Universitat Jaume I, Castellon de la Plana, Spain
d Instituto de Tecnologia Ceramica, Universitat Jaume I, Castellon de la Plana, Spain

10.1016/j.partic.2021.01.012

Volume 58, October 2021, Pages 35-47

Received 23 July 2020, Revised 8 October 2020, Accepted 22 January 2021, Available online 3 March 2021, Version of Record 11 March 2021.

E-mail: mariano.m3@usal.es

Highlights

• Three stages are observed: free diffusion, diffusion governed by crust and boiling.

• A multi-stage first principles-based model has been developed.

• Droplets show a low porosity crust that governs drying during a second stage.

• The second stage represents up to 25% of the total drying time in detergents.

• No bursting is observed since boiling is in free convection regime.

Abstract

This study evaluates the single droplet drying (SDD) of detergents. Experimental data are used to validate a theoretical multistage model. The experiments are carried out in an acoustic levitator analysing six different detergent formulations at 393 K. The work is completed by developing a model based on conservation equations. The model is composed of the three stages observed in the drying curve. In the first stage, an external surface drying stage occurs until the surface is saturated and the crust is formed. In the next stage, the drying rate is governed by diffusion through the pores. At the same time, the particle heats up until boiling conditions are achieved in the core of the particle. At this point, the third stage begins. In the final stage, the droplet core is in boiling conditions which are governed by the pressure drop through the crust and the concentration of salts. This model has been evaluated for the different formulations being flexible to predict the drying of different mixtures with good accuracy.

Graphical abstract

Keywords

Drying; Single droplet; Acoustic levitator; Detergents

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