Porphyrins, phthalocyanines, and related covalent-organic frameworks in the photochemical and electrochemical water splitting: A review--颗粒学报PARTICUOLOGY

Kharissova, O. V., Méndez, Y. P., Kharisov, B. I., Nikolaev, A. L., Luévano-Hipólito, E., & González, L. T. (2024). Porphyrins, phthalocyanines, and related covalent-organic frameworks in the photochemical and electrochemical water splitting: A review. Particuology, 90, 236-265. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.partic.2023.12.008

Porphyrins, phthalocyanines, and related covalent-organic frameworks in the photochemical and electrochemical water splitting: A review

Oxana V. Kharissova ^a, Yolanda Peña Méndez ^a, Boris I. Kharisov ^a *, Aleksandr L. Nikolaev ^b, Edith Luévano-Hipólito ^c, Lucy T. González^{d e}

a Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Ave. Universidad s/n, San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León, 66455, Mexico
b Department of Chemistry, Moscow State University, Vorobievy Hills, Moscow, Russia
c CONACYT - Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Ingeniería Civil-Departamento de Ecomateriales y Energía, Cd. Universitaria, C.P. 66455, San Nicolás de los Garza, NL, Mexico
d Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Monterrey, Nuevo León 64890, Mexico
e Tecnologico de Monterrey, Centro del Agua, Monterrey, Nuevo León 64890, Mexico

10.1016/j.partic.2023.12.008

Volume 90, July 2024, Pages 236-265

Received 24 September 2023, Revised 5 December 2023, Accepted 6 December 2023, Available online 27 December 2023, Version of Record 29 January 2024.

E-mail: boris.kharissov@uanl.edu.mx

Highlights

• Free porphyrins, phthalocyanines, covalent-organic, and metal complexes are used for water splitting (WS) electrocatalysts.

• Metal complexes in WS processes are widely represented by ruthenium coordination compounds.

• Artificial photosynthesis is based on copper-cobalt compounds, as phenantroline, porphyrazine, for commercial viability.

• Metal porphyrins/porphyrinates, loaded on inorganic materials are successfully applied in WS processes.

• Both HER and OER processes are available on porphyrin/phthalocyanine-based catalysts.

Abstract

In this review, the possibilities of photochemical and electrochemical water splitting (WS) using porphyrins, phthalocyanines, related macrocycles, and their metal complexes are discussed. Significant efforts are being carried out in order to develop novel and cheap methods for water decomposition to generate inexhaustible greener energy sources (molecular hydrogen) instead of oil and gas. The processes of WS in heterogeneous and homogeneous media require novel photo- and electrocatalysts, in particular those on macrocycle basis. A high WS efficiency has been observed for porphyrins and phthalocyanines, showing their suitability both for HER and OER processes are available using these relative compounds for WS purposes.

Porphyrins can be used in photocatalytic and electrocatalytic WS processes both in their free forms or as metal porphyrins/porphyrinates, mainly loaded on various inorganic materials, such as Au NPs, C₃N₄, GaP, KTaO₃, GaP, and so on, as part of porphyrin-containing polymers or on electrode surface as modifying coatings, being sometimes better than commercial catalysts, such as Pt/C. Photocatalytic H₂ evolution can be considerably depended on the shape of porphyrin particles; in particular, porphyrin nanowires can yield up to 20 times more H₂ than its powder. In certain cases, both HER and OER can be driven in the same electrolyte using metal porphyrins. The capacity of metal porphyrins to generate ROS (in particular, singlet oxygen ¹O₂) under ultrasonic treatment is known and can be successfully used for H₂O₂ and O₂ generation. Phthalocyanines can be used in similar processes in free form or as composites with inorganic or organic counterparts, being immobilized on nanocarbons, metal oxides and salts, or simply dissolved in water acting in a homogeneous medium. An additional use of ultrasound can lead to better results due to the synergistic effect of the sonochemical treatment and light. Covalent-organic frameworks are also applied for WS purposes and are mainly based on a variety of N-containing ligands, such as triazine, β-ketoenamines, and β-ketoamines, bipyridine, as well as some S-containing ligands. Metal complexes in WS processes are widely represented by ruthenium coordination compounds, being suitable for future commercial artificial photosynthesis, as well by copper and cobalt coordination compounds with phenantroline, porphyrazine, and related derivatives, being used as electrocatalysts in the form of homogenous molecular films on glassy carbon electrode or as a part of a homogeneous photocatalytic water reduction system for HER processes. The analysis of the photo(electro)catalytic activity of these macrocycles indicated that the Covalent-organic frameworks are highly promising catalysts for H₂ evolution from WS.

Graphical abstract

Keywords

Porphyrins; Phthalocyanines; COFs; Water splitting; Photocatalysis; Electrocatalysis

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