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Volume 104
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Noll, L. R., Hense, D., & Strube, O. I. (2025). Formation and deposition of palladium particles via thermal decomposition of tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0). Particuology, 104, 190-197. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.partic.2025.06.014
Formation and deposition of palladium particles via thermal decomposition of tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0) (Open Access)
Lukas R. Noll, Dominik Hense, Oliver I. Strube *
Institute for Chemical Engineering, Universität Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
10.1016/j.partic.2025.06.014
Volume 104, September 2025, Pages 190-197
Received 13 May 2025, Revised 25 June 2025, Accepted 28 June 2025, Available online 3 July 2025, Version of Record 18 July 2025.
E-mail: oliver.strube@uibk.ac.at
Highlights

• Synthesis of 500 nm large palladium particles by thermal decomposition of tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0).

• First-ever characterization of relevant experimental parameters such as reaction time, temperature, and concentration.

• Statistical analysis of how each experimental parameter affects the degree of coverage of a model surface.


Abstract

In this study, a novel wet-chemical approach for formation and in situ deposition of monodisperse palladium particles via thermal decomposition of tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0) is presented. These have a size of 532 ± 56 nm and can be produced in solution with subsequent gravimetric deposition on arbitrary support materials. A systematic approach was undertaken to understand the key decomposition parameters, including temperature, heating time, agglomeration time, and precursor concentration. Successful particle formation was achieved by applying temperatures from 40 to 80 °C for at least 1 h. The optimal temperature program for particle formation with high yield depends on the precursor concentration and varies between 1 and 18 h at 40–80 °C. Deeper insights into the interplay between the relevant process conditions were obtained via Design of Experiments using Box-Behnken Design and one-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). The obtained correlations between the experimental parameters demonstrate the complexity of the system and form the basis for further optimizations to potentially even use this system as a novel coating technique.

Graphical abstract
Keywords
Palladium particles; Tetrakis; Tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0); Thermal decomposition; Deposition
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