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Volume 103
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Maiti, R., Das, G., & Das, P. K. (2025). Bubbling phenomena during granular drainage from an inclined closed-top quasi-two-dimensional conduit. Particuology, 103, 29-40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.partic.2025.05.005
Bubbling phenomena during granular drainage from an inclined closed-top quasi-two-dimensional conduit
Ritwik Maiti a, Gargi Das b *, Prasanta Kumar Das c
a Department of Mechanical Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology Mesra, Ranchi, 835215, India
b Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, 721302, India
c Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, 721302, India
10.1016/j.partic.2025.05.005
Volume 103, August 2025, Pages 29-40
Received 27 March 2025, Revised 2 May 2025, Accepted 7 May 2025, Available online 22 May 2025, Version of Record 28 May 2025.
E-mail: gargi@che.iitkgp.ac.in
Highlights

• Bubbling dynamics during granular drainage from image analysis and DPIV.

• Voids from interstitial air during drainage by avalanching in inclined conduits.

• Synergy of avalanching and bubbling enhances drainage rate.

• Distinct qualitative similarity characterizes the random phenomena.

• Phenomenological models with fitting parameters capture the flow physics.


Abstract

The study investigates gravity-driven granular drainage from a closed-top quasi-two-dimensional rectangular conduit. Experiments over a wide range of conduit inclination with respect to the horizontal (θ) reveal drainage to occur by "avalanche flow". Beyond a conduit tilt (θ > θb), avalanching is accompanied by bubbling of the interstitial air, which hastens the rate of drainage. However, on further increase in conduit tilt towards the vertical (θ > θm), the rate of drainage slows down as avalanche flow ceases while bubbling continues. Flow visualization experiments followed by image analysis, spatio-temporal plots, and Digital Particle Image velocimetry (DPIV) measurements provide a detailed qualitative description and quantitative measurements in the two drainage regimes, viz, avalanching with bubbling and drainage after termination of avalanche flow. Based on experimental observations, phenomenological models are proposed for the prediction of critical conduit inclination for the inception of bubbling (θb), and termination of avalanche flow (θm), as well as the bubble rise velocity in the two drainage regimes, i.e. for θb≤ θ ≤θm and θm≤ θ ≤ 90°.

Graphical abstract
Keywords
Granular drainage; Quasi-2D rectangular conduit; Avalanching with bubbling; Particle rain flow; Interstitial air
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