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Volume 105
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A review of biomass-based carbon dioxide adsorbents research
Jia Fang a b c *, Chengzhuang Zhang d, Zhiqiang Han a b c, Peng Chen d, Yize Dang d, Haifei Wang a, Xueshun Wu a b c d *
a Key Laboratory of Fluid and Power Machinery, Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Xihua University, Chengdu, 610039, China
b School of Energy and Power Engineering, Xihua University, Chengdu, 610039, China
c Engineering Research Center of Intelligent Space Ground Integration Vehicle and Control, Ministry of Education, Xihua University, Chengdu, 610039, China
d School of Automobile and Transportation, Xihua University, Chengdu, 610039, China
10.1016/j.partic.2025.07.020
Volume 105, October 2025, Pages 104-122
Received 19 May 2025, Revised 15 July 2025, Accepted 28 July 2025, Available online 13 August 2025, Version of Record 21 August 2025.
E-mail: jiafang@xhu.edu.cn; xueshunwu08@xhu.edu.cn
Highlights

• Sources, physicochemical properties, preparation, and modification of biomass-based CO2 adsorbents are reviewed.

• Surface alkali metals and N/S-containing functional groups enhance biomass char alkalinity and CO2 affinity.

• Physical activation (CO2, steam) and chemical modification (KOH, amine grafting, metal oxide impregnation) boost adsorption capacity.

• Future research should focus on in-situ mechanisms, heteroatom co-doping, and scalable production.


Abstract

Excessive CO2 emissions pose a severe environmental threat, driving interest in carbon capture technologies. Biomass-derived activated carbon (BAC) emerges as a promising adsorbent due to its renewable feedstocks, cost-effectiveness, and tunable properties. This review comprehensively analyzes recent advances in BAC for CO2 capture. Key findings indicate that agricultural/forestry wastes are optimal feedstocks, while alkali/alkaline earth metals and N/S-containing functional groups enhance surface alkalinity and CO2 affinity. Pyrolysis is identified as the preferred preparation method for optimizing pore structure. Physical activation (CO2, steam) and chemical modification (KOH/NaOH, amine grafting, metal oxide impregnation) significantly improve porosity and adsorption capacity. Notably, N-doping increases CO2 uptake by 31.6–55.2 %, and microporous volume (0.59–0.71 cm3/g) is critical for performance. However, challenges include high energy consumption during KOH activation, feedstock variability impacting consistency (>22 % ash content differences), competitive adsorption from flue gas impurities (>30 % capacity loss), and metal leaching risks. Future research should prioritize in-situ mechanistic studies, heteroatom co-doping, and scalable production techniques to advance industrial deployment.

Graphical abstract
Keywords
CO2 adsorbent; Biochar; Physicochemical properties; Preparation method; Modification method
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