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Volume 110
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Jiang, X., Wu, T., Wu, Y., Wang, X., & Peng, J. (2026). Gas nozzle-assisted cluster regulations using dynamic cluster structure-dependent drag model in fluidized bed risers. Particuology, 110, 165-179. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.partic.2026.01.016
Gas nozzle-assisted cluster regulations using dynamic cluster structure-dependent drag model in fluidized bed risers
Xiaoxue Jiang a b *, Tao Wu a, You Wu a, Xiaobing Wang a, Jiayu Peng a
a School of Petroleum and Natural Gas Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, 213000, China
b School of Energy Science & Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
10.1016/j.partic.2026.01.016
Volume 110, March 2026, Pages 165-179
Received 20 November 2025, Revised 31 December 2025, Accepted 13 January 2026, Available online 23 January 2026, Version of Record 30 January 2026.
E-mail: jiangxiaoxue@cczu.edu.cn
Highlights

• The criterion distinguishing homogeneous flow from heterogeneous flow is proposed.

• The cluster characteristics are compared at three different gas jets directions.

• Inlet, dense, jet, transition, mixing and exit regions exist along riser height.

• The cluster diameters decreased with increasing jet gas velocities for upward gas jets.


Abstract

Cluster characteristics in gas-nozzle-assisted risers were predicted via a computational criterion and dynamic cluster structure-dependent drag model. The effect of three different nozzle directions, including inclined upward gas nozzles, horizontal gas nozzles, and inclined downward gas nozzles, was simulated to study lateral and axial distributions of clusters. Different regions were found along riser height, including transition and mixing regions, in terms of the variation of solid volume fractions. In the transition and mixing regions, downward gas injection resulted in the smallest cluster diameters and velocities, while upward injection produced the largest. The cluster solid volume fractions and existence time fractions were larger for the upward gas jets (0.0916 and 0.347) than those for the horizontal (0.0761 and 0.203) and downward gas jets (0.0813 and 0.234). The cluster diameters and solid volume fractions of clusters decreased from 0.00883 m to 0.00831 m and from 0.078 to 0.069, respectively, while the velocities of clusters increased from 2.176 to 2.867 m/s with increasing jet gas velocities from 100 to 140 m/s for upward gas jets in the riser.

Graphical abstract
Keywords
Nozzle-assisted riser; Cluster regulation; Computational criterion; Drag model; Fluidized bed
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