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Volume 110
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Fan, P., Liu, J., Wang, P., Huang, R., Hao, J., & He, D. (2026). Unraveling the mechanism of efficient lithium extraction from clay-type ore with HF–H2SO4 at ambient temperature. Particuology, 110, 269-279. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.partic.2026.01.021
Unraveling the mechanism of efficient lithium extraction from clay-type ore with HF–H2SO4 at ambient temperature
Puwen Fan, Jian Liu *, Ping Wang, Rong Huang, Jiamei Hao, Dongdong He
State Key Laboratory of Complex Nonferrous Metal Resources Clean Utilization, Faculty of Land Resources Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, China
10.1016/j.partic.2026.01.021
Volume 110, March 2026, Pages 269-279
Received 28 November 2025, Revised 5 January 2026, Accepted 19 January 2026, Available online 29 January 2026, Version of Record 4 February 2026.
E-mail: Jianliu@kust.edu.cn
Highlights

• A detailed genetic mineralogy study was conducted on a specific clay-type lithium ore.

• An efficient lithium extraction method operating under ambient temperature and pressure was developed.

• The leaching mechanism was revealed: HF attack on Si-O bonds results in secondary K2SiF6.


Abstract

The extraction of lithium, a critical element for clean energy and advanced energy storage, faces challenges because its stable occurrence within aluminosilicate lattices in clay-type ores renders conventional high-energy extraction processes highly inefficient. This study aimed to develop a mild and efficient extraction method for Li from a silicate clay-type lithium ore. A mixed-acid (H2SO4-HF) leaching strategy combined with water washing was employed under ambient temperature and pressure. The results showed a high lithium leaching efficiency of 95.51 %. Mechanistic studies revealing that HF disrupts Si–O bonds to release lithium while H2SO4 facilitates Li+ ion exchange. Mineralogical analyses confirmed the formation of K2SiF6 and the development of 50–200 nm etch pits on mineral surfaces. This work demonstrates a low-energy, high-efficiency route for lithium extraction, providing significant technical support for the green development of clay-type lithium resources.

Graphical abstract
Keywords
Clay-type lithium ore; Genetic mineralogy; Occurrence state of lithium; Leaching
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