Polysaccharide-alum Pickering emulsions as adjuvant to stimulate potent humoral and cellular immune responses for porcine pseudorabies virus vaccine--颗粒学报PARTICUOLOGY

Yang, R., Li, L., Zhang, W., Zhu, Y., Zhao, Q., Liu, W., . . . Gu, P. (2026). Polysaccharide-alum Pickering emulsions as adjuvant to stimulate potent humoral and cellular immune responses for porcine pseudorabies virus vaccine. Particuology, 110, 300-309. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.partic.2026.01.023

Polysaccharide-alum Pickering emulsions as adjuvant to stimulate potent humoral and cellular immune responses for porcine pseudorabies virus vaccine

Runyu Yang^{a 1}, Longyun Li^{b 1}, Wuchao Zhang^a, Yixuan Zhu^a, Qianhui Zhao^a, Wei Liu^a, Panpan Xu^a, Qi Zhao^a, Ziye Zhang^a, Yingsai Fan^a, Kuan Zhao^a, Xiao Wang^a, Ning Ma^a, Wanyu Shi^a, Pengfei Gu^a *

a College of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, China
b College of Life Science, Nanchang Normal University, Nanchang, 330032, China

10.1016/j.partic.2026.01.023

Volume 110, March 2026, Pages 300-309

Received 8 November 2025, Revised 7 January 2026, Accepted 23 January 2026, Available online 29 January 2026, Version of Record 5 February 2026.

E-mail: pfgu@hebau.edu.cn

Highlights

• PAPE-PRV increased the recruitment and activation of APCs at the injection site.

• PAPE-PRV provoked strong cellular and humoral immune responses.

• PAPE compensated for the inadequacy of alum in stimulating cellular immune responses.

• Compared to ISA206 adjuvant, PAPE-PRV induced stronger cellular immune responses.

Abstract

Vaccination with inactivated porcine pseudorabies virus (PRV) vaccines is a common strategy for the prevention of PRV infection. However, due to the insufficient immunogenicity, the protective efficacy of inactivated vaccines remains deficient. Consequently, there is an urgent need to develop potent adjuvants to enhance the effectiveness of inactivated PRV vaccines. In previous study, we successfully developed a novel vaccine adjuvant delivery system, which the Poria cocos polysaccharide-loaded Alhydrogel was employed as colloidal stabilizers, and squalene was utilized as the oil phase to form stable Pickering emulsions (PAPE). The PAPE combined the immunostimulatory effects of Poria cocos polysaccharide, the inherent immunostimulant properties of the Alhydrogel adjuvant, and the characteristics of the Pickering emulsions delivery system. Herein, we found that PAPE has the potential to function as a delivery system to promote antigen internalization by macrophages via scavenger receptor A-mediated endocytosis. PAPE compensated for the inadequacy of alum adjuvants in efficiently stimulating cell-mediated immune responses. As the adjuvant for inactivated PRV vaccine, PAPE increased the recruitment and activation of antigen-presenting cells at the injection site, and provoked strong cellular and humoral immune responses. Notably, compared to MONTANIDE ISA206 adjuvant, PAPE markedly improved the induction of CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T cells, the activation of CD8⁺ cytotoxic T lymphocytes, the production of IFN-γ, and the response of memory CD8⁺ T cells, thereby inducing a stronger cellular immune response. Our findings highlight the efficacy of PAPE as an adjuvant for PRV vaccines, offering new insights for the development of veterinary vaccines.

Graphical abstract

Keywords

Pickering emulsions; Alum adjuvant; Poria cocos polysaccharide; Inactivated PRV vaccine; Adjuvant system

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