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Volume 116
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Structure-sensitive rate-dependent deformation and fragmentation of anthracite and bituminous coal under impact compression
Yuzheng Zhang, Chengwu Li *, Mingjie Li, Chen Chen
School of Emergency Management and Safety Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing), Beijing, 100083, China
10.1016/j.partic.2026.06.013
Volume 116, September 2026, Pages 44-54
Received 7 April 2026, Revised 4 June 2026, Accepted 9 June 2026, Available online 16 June 2026, Version of Record 22 June 2026.
E-mail: lcw@cumtb.edu.cn
Highlights

• Initial structure affects impact response of tested coals.

• Peak strain rate scales approximately linearly with impact velocity.

• Anthracite exhibits a more progressive stiffness response and delayed cracking.

• Bituminous coal exhibits faster crack growth, sharper post-peak softening, and stronger fragmentation.


Abstract

The dynamic failure behavior of coal under impact loading is influenced by loading rate, stress-wave propagation, and inherent material defects. In this study, the rate-dependent deformation and fracture characteristics of anthracite coal (YMA) and bituminous coal (YMB) were examined using split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) tests combined with ultrasonic wave-velocity measurements and high-speed imaging. The results show that the peak strain rate of both coals increased approximately linearly with impact velocity, while YMB exhibited greater apparent strain-rate sensitivity than YMA. YMA showed a more progressive failure process, characterized by delayed crack initiation and stable crack propagation. By contrast, YMB displayed earlier crack initiation, faster apparent crack propagation, sharper post-peak softening, and more severe fragmentation. Although YMB attained a higher apparent peak stress at the highest impact velocity, this response was accompanied by rapid instability and extensive fragmentation. These findings suggest that the dynamic mechanical behavior of coal is highly sensitive to initial defects and material heterogeneity, providing experimental evidence for understanding impact-induced failure in porous brittle geomaterials.

Graphical abstract
Keywords
Coal rank; Initial defect structure; Strain-rate effects; Coal dynamic mechanical properties; Dynamic fracture; Impact loading
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