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Volume 116
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Effects of inlet velocities on two-phase mixing and particle transport in a post-mixed abrasive waterjet nozzle with dual-sided abrasive inlets
Fuzeng Wang *, Zhanpeng Xiao, Zixian Jiang, Penghui Zeng, Feng Jiang
Institute of Manufacturing Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, 361021, China
10.1016/j.partic.2026.06.014
Volume 116, September 2026, Pages 69-86
Received 14 April 2026, Revised 12 June 2026, Accepted 14 June 2026, Available online 17 June 2026, Version of Record 22 June 2026.
E-mail: wangfuzeng1987@163.com
Highlights

• Developed a coupled SPH-FEM model to simulate AWJ two-phase flow behavior.

• High water inlet velocity reduces particle residence time but increases wall stress.

• Abrasive inlet velocity enhances flow deflection, reducing particle acceleration efficiency.

• Focusing tube entry is the primary zone for momentum exchange and energy dissipation.


Abstract

In abrasive waterjet (AWJ) machining, the internal mixing behavior of water and abrasive particles plays a key role in particle acceleration and flow development. In this study, a coupled SPH-FEM numerical model is developed to investigate the transient liquid-solid interaction in a post-mixed AWJ nozzle with dual-sided abrasive inlets. The model is qualitatively validated by high-speed imaging of particle motion. The effects of water inlet velocity and abrasive inlet velocity on particle transport, velocity evolution, and wall stress distribution are systematically analyzed. Results show that increasing water inlet velocity enhances the continuity of the high-speed core flow, promotes particle transport through the mixing chamber, and increases the average velocities of both phases in the focusing tube. In contrast, increasing abrasive inlet velocity strengthens particle-induced disturbance, accelerates water kinetic energy dissipation, and weakens the continuous acceleration of both phases. The entrance of the focusing tube is identified as the key region for momentum exchange, energy dissipation, and wall loading concentration. These findings provide theoretical support for understanding the internal two-phase mixing mechanism in post-mixed AWJ nozzles with dual-sided abrasive inlets.

Graphical abstract
Keywords
Abrasive waterjet; Dual-sided abrasive inlet; SPH-FEM coupling; Particle transport; Multiphase flow simulation
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