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Volume 116
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Rheology of one-part carbide slag-sodium silicate activated slag pastes: Mechanisms and modeling informed by interfacial electrical properties and solution chemistry
Zuodong Cheng a b, Yingli Gao a b *, Jin Zhang a b, Yuelin Li a b, Weixiang Liu a b, Yehua Liu a b
a Hunan Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Novel and Carbon Neutral Road Material, Changsha University of Science & Technology, Changsha, 410114, China
b School of Transportation, Changsha University of Science & Technology, Changsha, 410114, China
10.1016/j.partic.2026.06.020
Volume 116, September 2026, Pages 169-187
September 2026
E-mail: yingligao509@126.com
Highlights

• Zeta potential and pH were insufficient to explain CSAS rheology.

• Ca-Na-Si balance and ionic dilution controlled CSAS rheology.

• Dispersion, structuration and dilution defined three control pathways.

• A reduced parameter quantified electro-structuration balance in CSAS paste.

• Mechanism-constrained models for rheological parameters were established.


Abstract

This study investigates the effects of sodium silicate content, activator dosage and water-to-binder ratio on the flowability and rheology of one-part carbide slag-sodium silicate activated slag (CSAS) pastes, and elucidates the mechanisms using interfacial electrical properties and solution chemistry. Increasing sodium silicate content and water-to-binder ratio decreased static yield stress, dynamic yield stress, plastic viscosity and thixotropy, whereas higher activator dosage increased flow resistance and thixotropic response. A correlation model between flowability, dynamic yield stress and plastic viscosity showed satisfactory fitting. All pastes had negative zeta potentials, while pH maintained the alkaline activation environment. Higher sodium silicate content shifted the pore solution from Ca-rich to Na-silicate-rich, weakened Ca-mediated bridging and enhanced dispersion. Higher activator dosage increased Ca, Na and dissolved Si concentrations, promoting reaction-induced structuring, whereas higher water-to-binder ratio weakened structural connectivity through ionic dilution, thicker water films and larger interparticle spacing. CSAS paste rheology is governed by the balance among interfacial dispersion, reaction-induced structuration and water-driven dilution. A reduced parameter for Ca-driven structuring and negative-charge-driven dispersion enabled mechanism-constrained models, with R2 values of 0.903, 0.857 and 0.801. These findings support rheology-oriented mix design of low-carbon one-part CSAS materials.

Graphical abstract
Keywords
Carbide slag; Sodium silicate; Interfacial electrical properties; Solution chemistry; Rheological mechanism and models
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