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Volume 116
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Hybrid nanoparticle-enhanced green bio-oils: Experimental evaluation and mathematical modelling for cleaner lubrication
Sikta Panda a b, Gaurab Kumar Ghosh b, Subrata Kumar Ghosh a *
a Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (ISM), Dhanbad, 826004, India
b Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indira Gandhi Institute of Technology, Sarang, Dhenkanal, 759146, India
10.1016/j.partic.2026.06.032
Volume 116, September 2026, Pages 264-278
Received 20 April 2026, Revised 11 June 2026, Accepted 26 June 2026, Available online 3 July 2026, Version of Record 11 July 2026.
E-mail: subrata@iitism.ac.in
Highlights

• Nano-biolubricant samples yielded good stability (Zeta potential >40 mV).

• Stokes-based settling estimates indicated ideal-condition stability.

• Heat transfer with Brownian motion predicted the trend of thermal behaviour.

• Significant reduction of 46.77% in COF with 0.05% nano-oil sample.

• Dominating nano-lubrication mechanisms were ball bearing and polishing effect.


Abstract

The increasing need for environmentally sustainable industrial practices has encouraged research on bio-derived lubricants as greener substitutes for petroleum oils. Here, hybrid nano-biolubricants were synthesized to counter the inherent shortcomings of traditional bio-lubricantswhile improving their rheological and tribological characteristics. The nano-biolubricants comprising of TiO2-Cu(II)O (80:20 ratio) were dispersed at 0.05, 0.10, and 0.15 vol% in Jatropha oil following dual step approach and showed appreciable colloidal stability. The samples registered a maximum 46.77% reduction in the coefficient of friction, proving its enhanced friction-reducing ability. Rheological analyses showed shear-thinning behaviour typical of pseudoplastic non-Newtonian liquids, showing adaptability with changing mechanical stresses. Surface topography inspection of wear scars suggested that the ball-bearing action of the hybrid nanoparticles dominated as the lubrication mechanism, reducing asperity interaction and wear. The roughness indices of worn specimens showed reduction in values of around 35% which indicates better aesthetic in their surface profile. Furthermore, Stoke's law was employed to estimate sedimentation velocity and sedimentation time, which estimated a sedimentation time of around 314 days in ideal condition (with no agglomeration). A heat transfer modelling including the Brownian motion of nanoparticles was performed. The formulation of 0.05 vol% produced the lowest friction under reciprocating wear. In general, the results highlight the prospects of jatropha oil-based hybrid nano-biolubricants as efficient, eco-friendly alternatives for future industrial lubrication technology.

Graphical abstract
Keywords
Hybrid nanoparticles; Jatropha oil; Thermo-physical properties; Rheology; Four ball tribometer; Reciprocating wear
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