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Volume 118
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Cellulose triacetate microparticles via electrospraying and their antibacterial applications
Chaimaà El Kouali a, Khadija El Kalaaoui a b, Aicha Boukhriss c, Mohamed El Messoudi a, Siham Slassi a *, Latifa Hajji a, Mohamed Ait Chaoui a, Said Gmouh a
a Laboratory LIMAT, Faculty of Sciences Ben M'Sick, Hassan II University of Casablanca, Morocco
b The Multi Laboratory LC2A, N°182, Zone Industrielle, Mohammedia, Morocco
c Cluster Valbium Morocco IMM RIHAB, 6ème étage APPT 21, Oujda, 6000, Morocco
10.1016/j.partic.2026.07.023
Volume 118, November 2026, Pages 30-42
Received 17 February 2026, Revised 1 July 2026, Accepted 23 July 2026, Available online 18 August 2026, Version of Record 1 September 2026.
E-mail: siham.slassi@etu.univh2c.ma
Highlights

• Sustainable electrospraying enabled novel CTA microparticles from cotton-derived cellulose waste.

• Precise conditions (10% CTA, rotating collector) achieved uniform, stable microparticle formation.

• BAC-loaded CTA microparticles showed potent antibacterial activity against S. aureus and E. coli.

• Biphasic release enabled rapid action followed by sustained antimicrobial delivery over 48 h.

• Eco-friendly BAC/CTA system shows strong potential for advanced antimicrobial applications.


Abstract

Antimicrobial materials are increasingly sought to prevent bacterial contamination and infection, particularly in biomedical and hygienic applications. In this study, homogeneous cellulose triacetate (CTA) microparticles were successfully fabricated via the electrospray technique using CTA regenerated from cotton shells. The optimization of polymer concentration and processing parameters revealed that a 10% CTA solution provided the most homogeneous and structurally stable microparticles. Benzalkonium chloride (BAC), a quaternary ammonium compound with known antibacterial activity, was effectively incorporated into the CTA matrix to produce antimicrobial microparticles. Morphological analysis by SEM confirmed the successful integration of BAC, while the XRD and FTIR results indicated that the polymer's semi-crystalline structure was preserved after incorporation. The antibacterial activity was evaluated using both disk diffusion method and liquid medium MIC assays. The formulations exhibited distinct zones against Staphylococcus aureus (Gram-positive) and Escherichia coli (Gram-negative), with low MIC values that confirm strong antibacterial efficacy. Furthermore, release studies revealed a biphasic diffusion profile with an initial burst phase (0–5 h) followed by sustained release up to 48 h. These results highlight the potential of electrosprayed CTA/BAC microparticles as efficient and controllable antibacterial delivery systems for future biomedical and surface protection applications.

Graphical abstract
Keywords
Cellulose triacetate; Electrospray; Benzalkonium chloride; Drug encapsulation; Antibacterial activity; Sustained release
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