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Volume 118
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Optimized transition metal layer structures induced by Ti4+ doping for stabilizing O3-type sodium-ion battery cathodes
Yang Zhang a b 1, Haiqiang Bai a 1 *, Jingwen Huang a b, Ling Kang a b, Zhenle Kang a b, ChaoFeng Zhi a b, Junfeng Wen c, Yunhua Xu a b
a College of New Energy, Yulin University, Yulin, 719000, China
b School of Material Science and Engineering, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an, 710048, China
c School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yulin University, Yulin, 719000, China
10.1016/j.partic.2026.08.026
Volume 118, November 2026, Pages 100-110
Received 10 July 2026, Revised 17 August 2026, Accepted 27 August 2026, Available online 28 August 2026, Version of Record 9 September 2026.
E-mail: baihaiqiang0107@163.com
Highlights

• Ti4+ doping functions as structural pillars, Jahn-Teller suppressor, and electronic regulator in O3-type cathodes.

• Optimized Ti4+ doping delivers 155.68 mAh/g at 0.1C and retains 65.1% after 300 cycles at 2C.

• Established full correlation: Ti substitution → charge balance → enlarged interlayer spacing → enhanced performance.


Abstract

O3-type NaNi1/3Fe1/3Mn1/3O2 layered oxide is a low-cost, high-capacity cathode material for sodium-ion batteries, yet its practical deployment is hindered by sluggish sodium-ion transport and irreversible structural transformation during cycling. Herein, trace Ti4+ ions are introduced into transition-metal sites through solid-state sintering to enhance structural robustness. Possessing an ionic radius close to those of Ni2+, Fe3+ and Mn3+, Ti4+ readily occupies transition-metal lattice positions. Strong Ti–O covalent bonds rigidify the transition-metal layer framework and subtly alter local crystal geometry, which in turn widens interlayer channels for sodium-ion diffusion. Such structural modification accelerates Na+ insertion/extraction kinetics and alleviates electrochemical polarization. At a doping level of 7500 ppm, the NaNi1/3Fe1/3Mn1/3O2 material delivers a reversible specific capacity of 155.68 mAh g−1 at 0.1 C, and retains 111.43 mAh g−1 at 2 C. The capacity retention reaches 80.5% after 100 cycles at 0.5 C, and remains at 65.1% after 300 cycles at 2 C. This work clarifies how Ti4+ doping stabilizes layered lattices and offers a straightforward route to improve the electrochemical performance of layered oxide cathodes.

Graphical abstract
Keywords
Sodium-ion batteries; O3-type layered oxides; Ti4+ doping; Structural stability; Kinetic performance
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