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Volume 118
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Particle morphology effects on compaction behaviour of OGFC mixtures: Smart aggregate monitoring and DEM analysis (Open Access)
Ning Wang a b, Ye Wei a b, Qiang Li a b, Jiaqing Wang a b, Bishenghui Tao d, Chao Zhang c *
a College of Civil Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
b Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center for Highway Intelligent Detection and Low Carbon Maintenance, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
c School of Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, United Kingdom
d School of Science and Technology, Hong Kong Metropolitan University, Hong Kong, China
10.1016/j.partic.2026.08.030
Volume 118, November 2026, Pages 143-162
Received 24 June 2026, Revised 21 August 2026, Accepted 29 August 2026, Available online 31 August 2026, Version of Record 12 September 2026.
E-mail: chao.zhang@newcastle.ac.uk
Highlights

• Particle morphology affects contact behaviour during gyratory compaction.

• Smart aggregate monitoring captures local force and rotational responses.

• DEM reveals morphology-dependent kinetic response, contact composition, and fabric anisotropy.


Abstract

This study combines Smart Aggregate (SA) monitoring and Discrete Element Method (DEM) simulations to investigate how particle morphology affects the compaction behaviour of open-graded friction course (OGFC) asphalt mixtures during gyratory compaction. Specimens were prepared by varying flat-elongated particle content and abrasion level of angular aggregates. The embedded SA sensor recorded three-directional force and rotational responses, from which a Mesoscopic Stability Index (MSI∗) was introduced to compare local force-rotation stability around the sensor. DEM specimens with various particle morphologies were used to analyse SA kinetic energy, velocity fields, contact composition, contact force, and local/global fabric anisotropy. Results show that increasing flat-elongated particle content reduces compactability by restricting particle motion and alignment, whereas abrasion improves compaction efficiency by weakening angular interlocking and promoting rearrangement. MSI∗ results suggest that moderate flat-elongated content produces a more constrained local response, while excessive content causes stronger fluctuations related to unstable local rearrangement. DEM analysis indicates that angular particles generate higher kinetic energy due to stronger interlocking, whereas elongated and flat particles influence force transmission mainly through indirect geometric constraints. The similar evolution of local and global anisotropy suggests qualitative consistency between SA response and aggregate skeleton contact-network development.

Graphical abstract
Keywords
Smart aggregate; Particle morphology; OGFC asphalt mixture; Gyratory compaction; Discrete element method
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