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Volume 111
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Uniform superparamagnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles synthesized via a hybrid coprecipitation–solvothermal method
Minh Phuc Tran, Nhat Quang-Khoi Le, Anh Thi Le, Minh Thang Bui, Nguyen Da Huyen Vo, Thi My Dung Dang *
Advanced Materials Technology Institute, Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City, 700000, Viet Nam
10.1016/j.partic.2026.01.026
Volume 111, April 2026, Pages 1-10
Received 19 November 2025, Revised 19 January 2026, Accepted 22 January 2026, Available online 30 January 2026, Version of Record 5 February 2026.
E-mail: dtmdung@vnuhcm.edu.vn
Highlights

• Hybrid synthesis yields uniform Fe3O4 NPs with a pure inverse spinel structure.

• Monodisperse spherical NPs achieved an average diameter of 22.92 ± 3.16 nm.

• High saturation magnetization of 91.41 emu g−1 with superparamagnetic behavior.

• Fe3O4 NPs show high structural and magnetic stability after organic dye exposure.


Abstract

Controlling the size while maintaining its superparamagnetic behavior has been one of the key challenges in synthesizing magnetite (Fe3O4) nanostructures. This study presents a facile hybrid coprecipitation–solvothermal route to synthesize uniform magnetite nanoparticles. X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy confirmed the formation of phase-pure magnetite with an inverse spinel structure. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis verified the presence of a stable polyvinylpyrrolidone coating on the particle surface. Field-emission scanning electron microscopy revealed spherical, well-dispersed Fe3O4 NPs with a narrow size distribution centered at 22.92 ± 3.16 nm. The NPs exhibited superior superparamagnetism at room temperature, characterized by a high saturation magnetization of 91.41 emu g−1, alongside negligible coercivity and remanence. Furthermore, stability experiments involving exposure to Rhodamine B under both dark and UV-light conditions revealed that the nanoparticles fully retained their structural integrity, original morphology, and magnetic sensitivity. Based on these results, our hybrid approach is believed to be a promising methodology for developing stable, high-performance magnetic systems for targeted drug delivery and wastewater remediation.


Graphical abstract
Keywords
Fe3O4 NPs; Superparamagnetic; Saturation magnetization; Coprecipitation-solvothermal
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