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Volume 111
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Sonochemical modification of clinoptilolite zeolite with iron species: Application to the remediation of methylene blue under photo-Fenton conditions
Natalia Sobus a b *, Magdalena Król c, Koffi Simeon Kouadio d e, Jérémy Dhainaut d *
a Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155, Krakow, Poland
b Cracow University of Technology, Interdisciplinary Center for Circular Economy, 24 Warszawska, 31-155, Krakow, Poland
c Faculty of Materials Science and Ceramic, AGH University of Krakow, 30 Mickiewicza Av., 30-059, Krakow, Poland
d Univ. Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, Univ. Artois, UMR 8181 – UCCS – Unité de Catalyse et Chimie du Solide, F-59000, Lille, France
e Université Nangui Abrogoua, Laboratoire de Thermodynamique et de Physico-Chimie du Milieu (LTPCM), 02 Bp 801, Abidjan, 02, Cote d’Ivoire
10.1016/j.partic.2026.02.001
Volume 111, April 2026, Pages 58-69
Received 28 November 2025, Revised 22 January 2026, Accepted 2 February 2026, Available online 9 February 2026, Version of Record 14 February 2026.
E-mail: natalia.sobus@pk.edu.pl; jeremy.dhainaut@univ-lille.fr
Highlights

• Iron-modified zeolite via sonochemistry.

• Five-fold increase in surface area.

• Efficient methylene blue degradation (∼95%).


Abstract

In this study, a catalyst based on natural zeolite clinoptilolite (CLI), with iron oxide as the active center, was prepared following a two-stage method using ammonium exchange and subsequent metal deposition under ultrasonic irradiation for 40 min at 60 °C. This sonochemical approach significantly shortens the zeolite modification time and increases the specific surface area of the material from 35.4 to 169.5 m2/g. The iron-supported CLI was used to remove methylene blue (MB) from aqueous solution. Simple adsorption removed about 40 % of the initial contaminant, while photo-Fenton conditions reached a removal efficiency of 90 % over 1 h. This result indicates that Fe2+/Fe3+ species near the outer surface of the material effectively activate H2O2 upon exposure to UV radiation.

Graphical abstract
Keywords
Zeolite; Clinoptilolite; Photo-Fenton process; Methylene blue removal; Wastewater treatment
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