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Volume 112
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Computational insights into erosion dynamics: Wind speed, particle size, and mass effects on turbine blade degradation
Muhammad Saeed a *, Mohamed Husain Alhosani a, Khurshid Alam b *, Adeel Arshad c, Dmitry Mikhaylov a, Yasser F. Al Wahedi a
a Abu Dhabi Maritime Academy, P.O. Box 54477, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
b Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, College of Engineering, Sultan Qaboos University, Al-Khoud 123, Sultanate of Oman
c Department of Mechatronics and Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, B4 7ET, United Kingdom
10.1016/j.partic.2026.02.031
Volume 112, May 2026, Pages 145-159
Received 29 October 2025, Revised 22 January 2026, Accepted 7 February 2026, Available online 12 March 2026, Version of Record 19 March 2026.
E-mail: muhammad.saeed@adports.ae; saeed.aarib@gmail.com; kalam@squ.edu.om
Highlights

• CFD-based study of wind turbine blade erosion in sandy environments.

• Wind speed, sand mass fraction, and particle size effects systematically analyzed.

• Nonlinear erosion and stress behavior identified from root to tip.

• Larger particles induce higher but complex erosion patterns.

• Results guide blade material design and erosion mitigation strategies.


Abstract

The durability and efficiency of wind turbines in sandy environments are crucial challenges for the renewable energy sector. Erosion poses a significant threat to these installations’ operational lifespan and economic viability. Understanding the factors influencing erosion rates and the resulting stresses on turbine blades is essential for advancing wind energy as a reliable and cost-effective power source. This study involves the complex dynamics between wind speed, sand particle size, and sand mass fraction, and their combined impact on erosion rate density and stress distribution across wind turbine blades. Through comprehensive computational simulations, the investigation of the erosion patterns from the blade root to the tip is carried out under varying conditions, i.e., wind speeds ranging from 5 to 15 m/s, sand mass fractions from 0.05 to 0.20, and particle sizes from 100 to 1000 μm. The computational study was conducted using a commercial code. The results reveal a direct relationship between increasing wind speeds and the intensification of erosion rate densities, with the blade tip experiencing significantly more erosion than the root. Moreover, higher sand mass fractions were associated with increased erosion rate densities and stresses along the entire blade. The analysis of particle size effects showed that larger particles predominantly induce greater erosion rates, though the largest particles exhibit non-linear behaviour, indicating complex aerodynamic interactions.

Graphical abstract
Keywords
Wind turbine; CFD; Blade erosion; 3D RANS model; Renewable energy
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