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Volume 112
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Selective extraction of lithium by in-situ oxidation of LiFexMn1-xPO4 battery cathode waste using peroxymonosulfate system
Yaqi Wang a, Wei Wang b *, Natnael Ghebretatios a, Bin Dong a *, Hao Lei a, Qinglong Sun a, Jialong Li a, Leiying Zhang a, Zhidong Chang a *
a School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
b Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
10.1016/j.partic.2026.03.005
Volume 112, May 2026, Pages 197-208
Received 13 January 2026, Revised 25 February 2026, Accepted 3 March 2026, Available online 19 March 2026, Version of Record 24 March 2026.
E-mail: weiwang@ipe.ac.cn; dongbin@ustb.edu.cn; zdchang@ustb.edu.cn
Highlights

• A PMS system is developed for preferential Li leaching from spent LiMnxFe1-xPO4 cathode and direct Fe/Mn recovery.

• Thermodynamic modeling of Li-Fe-Mn-H2O system provided foundational rationale and guidance for experimental design.

• Kinetic results indicate the leaching process follows mixed control of interfacial reaction and product layer diffusion.

• Under optimized conditions, this process achieves 96.68% Li recovery efficiency with an excellent selectivity of 96.06%.


Abstract

The selective recovery of lithium from spent lithium manganese iron phosphate (LMFP) cathode material is of significant economic and strategic importance, yet it is challenged by the material's complex multi-metal composition, which complicates conventional oxidative leaching processes. This work presents a novel hydrometallurgical strategy for the selective extraction of lithium from spent LMFP powders using a potassium peroxymonosulfate (PMS) system (KHSO5-KHSO4-K2SO4). The process achieves high selectivity by preferentially oxidizing and leaching lithium, while concurrently precipitating the transition metals as an (Fe,Mn)PO4 solid residue. Under optimized conditions, a lithium leaching efficiency of 96.68% and a selectivity for Li over Fe/Mn of 96.06% were attained. Thermodynamic analysis provided a theoretical basis for the feasibility of selective leaching, while kinetic studies revealed that the reaction rate is governed by a mixed-control mechanism, involving both surface chemical reaction and solid-layer diffusion. Furthermore, the high-purity Li2CO3 product regenerated via evaporation crystallization conforms to battery-grade specifications. This work demonstrates an efficient and selective closed-loop recycling pathway for LMFP battery waste.

Graphical abstract
Keywords
Spent lithium iron manganese phosphates; Selective leaching; Peroxymonosulfate; In-situ oxidation
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