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Volume 112
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Direct numerical simulation of triboelectrostatic charging in particle-laden turbulent flows in 90° pipe bends
Yanlin Zhao, Yudong Yan, Jun Yao *
International Joint Laboratory on Clean Energy Science and Technology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Process Fluid Filtration and Separation, College of Mechanical and Transportation Engineering, China University of Petroleum-Beijing, Beijing, 102249, China
10.1016/j.partic.2026.02.034
Volume 112, May 2026, Pages 284-298
Received 22 November 2025, Revised 27 January 2026, Accepted 23 February 2026, Available online 21 March 2026, Version of Record 28 March 2026.
E-mail: yaojun@cup.edu.cn
Highlights

• The 90° bend particulate flows were investigated using direct numerical simulation.

• Inter-phase four-way coupling with electrostatics was used.

• Electrostatics increases particle-wall and particle-particle collisions.

• The impact velocity and angle of particle-wall collision decrease with electrostatics.

• Particle-particle collisions prevent particles at downstream from approaching the wall.


Abstract

In this work, 90° bend particulate flows were investigated using direct numerical simulation coupled with Lagrange tracking technology. Three kinds of inter-phase coupling methods were used including two-way coupling, four-way coupling and four-way coupling with electrostatics. By 2-way coupling, the inertial particle introduces damping into the turbulent flow and leads to a decrease to large-scale coherent structures and an increase to small-scale turbulent coherent structures in the flow. By 4-way coupling, the turbulence intensity of the fluid is further decreased. The region of high-velocity streaks becomes smaller but has stronger energy, and the number of high-velocity streak stripes decreases. By 4-way coupling with electrostatics, due to combined effect of electrostatics and particle turbophoresis, electrostatics increases particle radial velocity of moving towards the wall as well as increases particle-wall and particle-particle collisions. It causes an increase of small-scale vortex structures and the number of ring-like turbulent structures. The high-velocity streak stripes of the fluid become smaller and narrower indicating that the number of low-velocity streak stripes increases greatly but hairpin vortex structures are less prominent in the bend. The frequency of particle-wall collision increases with particle-particle collision as well as electrostatics, while the impact velocity and angle of particle-wall collision decrease significantly. In addition, due to high particle concentration at the bend, particle-particle collisions prevent particles at downstream from approaching the wall as a “barrier”, which acts as “shielding effect” on particles.

Graphical abstract
Keywords
Electrostatics; 90° bend; Particle; Direct numerical simulation; Four-way coupling
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