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Volume 113
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Numerical investigation on the influence of packing structure of rigid cylindrical particles on frictional characteristics
Xiwen Mu a b, Jingjing Zhu a b, Xizhong An b, Zongyan Zhou c, Hao Zhang a b *
a Engineering Research Center of Frontier Technologies for Low-carbon Steelmaking (Ministry of Education), Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, China
b School of Metallurgy, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, China
c Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Particle Technology, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Nanchang, 330013, China
10.1016/j.partic.2026.03.022
Volume 113, June 2026, Pages 52-62
Received 10 October 2025, Revised 27 February 2026, Accepted 10 March 2026, Available online 26 March 2026, Version of Record 31 March 2026.
E-mail: zhangh@mail.neu.edu.cn
Highlights

• Effects of particle packing structure on friction characteristics investigated.

• Particles scale information adopted to explain the mechanisms.

• Correlations established to predict friction of cylindrical particles.


Abstract

This study uses the Discrete Element Method (DEM) to simulate the Jenike shear test of different packing structures formed by rigid cylindrical particles with an aspect ratio of 5. The effects of the mean in-plane orientation of the particle axis relative to the direction normal to shearing, the mean out-of-plane inclination angle relative to the shear plane, the normalized Shannon entropy that characterizes structural disorder, and the average coordination number on frictional behavior are investigated. The results indicate that a larger out-of-plane inclination angle promotes jamming, thereby restricting particles motion. A larger in-plane orientation angle facilitates the development of out-of-plane inclination during shearing. Both the peak shear strength and internal friction angle increase with these two angles. Greater structural disorder and a higher average coordination number also enhance the shear stress of the particle system by forming more stable and dense packing structures. For systems whose normalized Shannon entropy is not lower than 0.656, a predictive correlation for the internal friction angle is established with considering the influence of the packing structure.

Graphical abstract
Keywords
DEM; Packing structure; Cylindrical particle; Friction characteristic
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