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Volume 113
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CFD simulation of gas-solids distribution and flow in a multi-stage fluidized bed
Xiuying Yao *, Bingzi Li, Qi Wang, Chunxi Lu *
State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum, Beijing, 102249, China
10.1016/j.partic.2026.03.015
Volume 113, June 2026, Pages 151-163
Received 24 December 2025, Revised 22 February 2026, Accepted 6 March 2026, Available online 25 March 2026, Version of Record 2 April 2026.
E-mail: xyyao@cup.edu.cn; lcxing@cup.edu.cn
Highlights

• Gas-solids distribution and hydrodynamics are simulated in a multistage bed.

• Distinct fluidized bed flow characteristics are identified in the bed.

• A dense-phase conveying state at negative pressure difference is in the down-comer.

• Optimal velocity ≤0.15 m/s is suggested to keep balance among bed stages.


Abstract

Fluidized beds are widely studied for solar thermochemical energy storage due to their uniform gas-solids distribution and high-efficient gas-solids contact. In this study, a multi-stage fluidized bed is designed to achieve the uniform gas-solids fluidization across multiple stages. A two-fluid model is employed to investigate the hydrodynamics. The distributions of pressure and solids holdup reveal the presence of both dense and dilute phase regions within the bed, with corresponding sections observed in the down-comer. In the bed, gas carries particles upward, demonstrating typical fluidized bed behavior, while in the down-comer, particles entrain gas downward, exhibiting a dense-phase conveying flow state under negative pressure difference. An increase in gas velocity enhances the storage capacity of the upper bed but reduces that of the middle and lower beds due to decreased conveying capacity in the down-comer. Although the higher gas velocity increases the apparent storage capacity in the down-comer, it ultimately leads to lower conveying capacity. To ensure stable operation, it is recommended that the superficial gas velocity be maintained below 0.15 m/s.

Graphical abstract
Keywords
Multi-stage fluidized bed; Gas-solids distribution; Flow characteristics; Two-fluid model; Numerical simulation
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