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Volume 114
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Computational fluid dynamics-discrete element method investigation on spout deflection in spout-fluidized beds formed by cohesive non-spherical particles
Jiani Sun a, Guangchao Wei a *, Dan Zhou a, Xizhong An b *
a School of Transportation and Vehicle Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, 255000, China
b Key Laboratory for Ecological Metallurgy of Multimetallic Mineral of Ministry of Education, School of Metallurgy, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, China
10.1016/j.partic.2026.03.038
Volume 114, July 2026, Pages 48-61
Received 1 February 2026, Revised 12 March 2026, Accepted 31 March 2026, Available online 9 April 2026, Version of Record 15 April 2026.
E-mail: weigc@sdut.edu.cn; anxz@mail.neu.edu.cn
Highlights

• Spout deflection mechanisms are resolved in cohesive non-spherical particle bed.

• Cohesive force dominates over particle morphology in deflection governing.

• Non-spherical particles amplify deflection sensitivity under weak cohesive force.


Abstract

In this article, computational fluid dynamics-discrete element method (CFD-DEM) simulations were carried out to investigate the spout deflection dynamics in spout-fluidized beds formed by cohesive non-spherical particles. The work aims to clarify how particle cohesion and morphology jointly regulate bed stability and the associated flow structures. Rigorous validation of the prediction model precedes numerical simulations. The results reveal that increasing cohesive force systematically suppresses spout deflection, reduces high-velocity particle motions, and enhances bed-height fluctuations. Non-spherical particles further modulate these behaviours, and their influence varies with the cohesion level due to particle interlocking. Analysis of the normalized normal contact forces shows that most forces fall within F∗n ≤ 4, and their probability first increases and then decreases with rising cohesion, with stronger effects at higher non-spherical contents. Time-averaged rotational energy decreases with increasing non-spherical particle content, while dominant frequencies remain primarily within 0 to 2 Hz. In addition, a concise predictive correlation is proposed to quantitatively describe the combined effects of cohesive force and non-spherical particle content on spout deflection intensity.

Graphical abstract
Keywords
Spout deflection; Cohesive particle; Non-spherical particle content; CFD-DEM simulation; Micro dynamics
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