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Volume 115
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Sustainable glass-phase engineering via photovoltaic waste glass for enhanced energy storage in BNT ceramics
Truong Bach Chien, Le Phong Phu, Nguyen Chi Bao, Nguyen Ngoc Thien, Tran Thi Phuong Nghi, Thach Nguyen Phuc Khuong, Nguyen Hoc Thang *
Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Ho Chi Minh City University of Industry and Trade, 140 Le Trong Tan street, Tay Thanh ward, Ho Chi Minh City, 700000, Viet Nam
10.1016/j.partic.2026.05.014
Volume 115, August 2026, Pages 174-191
Received 4 April 2026, Revised 13 May 2026, Accepted 21 May 2026, Available online 26 May 2026, Version of Record 3 June 2026.
E-mail: thangnh@huit.edu.vn
Highlights

• Photovoltaic waste glass enables sustainable BNT ceramic engineering.

• Dual role of glass phase controls conduction and microstructure.

• Grain boundary modification enhances dielectric breakdown strength.

• High energy density of 1.76 J/cm3 achieved at 220 kV/cm.

• Improved efficiency via reduced remanent polarization.


Abstract

Developing sustainable dielectric ceramics with high energy storage performance under a moderate electric field is still a great challenge for the next generation pulse power capacitors. Herein, recycled photovoltaic waste glass (PVWG) was added into Bi0.5Na0.5TiO3 (BNT)-based lead-free ceramics via a conventional solid-state route and sintered at 1120 °C for 2 h. The PVWG additive facilitated liquid-phase sintering, reduced porosity, promoted grain-boundary homogeneity and improved the dielectric breakdown strength. Therefore, the optimized BNT-08 ceramic exhibits a high relative density of 97.04 ± 0.15 %, a reduced remanent polarization (Pr) of 9.4 ± 0.3 μC cm−2, an increased breakdown strength (Eb ∼220 ± 5 kV cm−1) and a significantly slimmer P-E hysteresis loop. Hence, a recoverable energy density (Wrec) of 1.76 ± 0.07 J cm−3 and an energy storage efficiency of 78 ± 2 % were obtained under a moderate electric field at 220 kV cm−1. The enhanced energy storage performance was ascribed to the synergistic effects of structural stabilization, defect-regulated charge transport, and PVWG-induced microstructural refinement. This simple, low cost and environmentally friendly method demonstrates PVWG as a promising multifunctional additive for electroceramic applications in line with the circular strategy.

Graphical abstract
Keywords
Bi0.5Na0.5TiO3 (BNT); Lead-free ferroelectric ceramic; Piezoelectric; Energy storage; Photovoltaic waste glass (PVWG); Glass-phase engineering
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