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Volume 115
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Carrier-phase DNS of iron particle cloud combustion in a highly turbulent shear layer (Open Access)
P. Ghofrani a *, T.D. Luu b, S.H. Tey a, O.T. Stein b, A. Kempf a
a Chair of Fluid Dynamics, Institute for Energy and Materials Processes, University of Duisburg–Essen, Germany
b Engler-Bunte-Institut, Simulation of Reacting Thermo-Fluid Systems, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Germany
10.1016/j.partic.2026.06.005
Volume 115, August 2026, Pages 390-400
Received 12 January 2026, Revised 15 May 2026, Accepted 1 June 2026, Available online 12 June 2026, Version of Record 22 June 2026.
E-mail: parsa.ghofrani@uni-due.de
Highlights

• Deterministic cross-validation of CP-DNS of reactive turbulent shear layer is carried out for the first time.

• Effects of high turbulence is investigated using the most resolved CP-DNS simulation of iron particle combustion to date.

• Weak coupling observed between gas-phase turbulence and individual particle combustion.

• Turbulence primarily affects combustion through gas-phase oxygen transport rather than direct particle-gas interactions.


Abstract

Carrier-phase direct numerical simulations (CP-DNS) of a three-dimensional turbulent shear- and mixing-layer are presented. DNS enables detailed investigation of complex multiphase turbulent reacting systems that are difficult to study experimentally; however, the reliability and reproducibility of such simulations remain uncertain and are potentially sensitive to the underlying numerical treatment. Given this, the simulations are cross-validated against DNS data by Luu et al. (Flow Turbul. Combust. 2024), first in a statistical sense and then, for the first time, by direct comparison of the instantaneous realizations of the two DNS. A further DNS is then presented for a higher Reynolds number at twice the grid resolution. This represents the most resolved carrier-phase DNS of such systems to date and enables higher turbulence conditions that better represent realistic burner operating conditions. The new simulations confirm the previously observed overall system behavior and further demonstrate the influence of Reynolds number on the combustion process. Higher turbulence intensity leads to a broader ignition zone, enhanced oxygen entrainment, and increased ignition and conversion rates, while the particle-scale oxidation behavior remains largely unchanged, indicating weak coupling between gas-phase turbulence and individual particle combustion.

Graphical abstract
Keywords
Iron combustion; Carrier-phase direct numerical simulation; Solid fuel combustion
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