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Volume 117
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Threading the needle between nano-milling efficiency and electrostatic stability (Open Access)
Willian F. Camargo a 1, Ana M. Segadães b *, Robinson C.D. Cruz a
a University of Caxias Do Sul, Postgraduate Program in Engineering and Materials Science, Caxias Do Sul, RS, Brazil
b University of Aveiro, Department of Materials and Ceramics Engineering (CICECO), Aveiro, Portugal
10.1016/j.partic.2026.07.002
Volume 117, October 2026, Pages 8-16
Received 23 December 2025, Revised 1 July 2026, Accepted 5 July 2026, Available online 15 July 2026, Version of Record 20 July 2026.
E-mail: segadaes@ua.pt
Highlights

• Particle/bead electrostatic forces (attractive vs. repulsive) rule milling results.

• Milling improves when particles are attracted to (trapped on) the beads' surfaces.

• PH shifting during milling is directly related to ion adsorption at new surfaces.

• Ground powder amorphization is affected by the milling suspension pH.

• Tuning the ζ-potential of powder and beads may affect beads' wear and cleanability.


Abstract

In this work, the high-energy milling of Quartz (20 wt% solids) using YSZ beads was assessed by specific energy consumption and particle size, specific surface area and ζ-potential. The use of 400 μm beads and a stirrer-tip speed of 16.8 m/s produces a 43 nm powder in 3-h milling runs. During milling, pH continuously decreases towards the Quartz's isoelectric point near pH 2, which was directly related to the OH− adsorption at the newly exposed positively charged surfaces. However, while particles' ζ-potential remains negative, that of the milling beads (isoelectric point ≈7) shifts to positive. Milling runs were designed to separate the effect of attractive and repulsive particle/bead electrostatic forces. When milling at “pH 5”, the ζ-potentials of particles and beads show opposing signs and lower particle sizes are obtained (39 nm, instead of 54 nm at “pH 9”). The new particles, which still repel each other, are attracted to the beads' surface where they are ground further. At “pH 5”, 50 nm particles can be produced in roughly two-thirds of the time needed at “pH 9”. Tuning the ζ-potential of powder to that of beads impacts milling efficiency and powder crystallinity, and may also affect beads' surface wear and cleanability.

Graphical abstract
Keywords
Quartz; High-energy bead milling; Electrostatic stability; ζ-potential; Particle size; Specific surface area
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