High-pressure fluidization technology and applications--颗粒学报PARTICUOLOGY

a Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Reaction Engineering and Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
b School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
c Ordos Laboratory, Ordos, 017010, China
d State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering and Low-Carbon Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
e Institute for Carbon Neutrality, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
f School of Energy Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China

10.1016/j.partic.2026.07.006

Volume 117, October 2026, Pages 104-121

Received 30 April 2026, Revised 7 July 2026, Accepted 12 July 2026, Available online 21 July 2026, Version of Record 28 July 2026.

E-mail: cxzhang@mail.tsinghua.edu.cn

Highlights

• Systematically reviewed 70-year industrial milestones of pressurized fluidization.

• Clarified pressure-driven regulation on particle-scale dynamics in fluidized systems.

• Defined applicability boundaries of two mainstream fluidization instability theories.

Abstract

High-pressure fluidized bed reactors are core equipment for process intensification in the energy and chemical industries, and have been widely commercialized in key industrial processes including pressurized fluidized bed combustion, coal and biomass gasification, Fischer-Tropsch synthesis, and show great application potential in the emerging field of CO₂ hydrogenation to high-value chemicals and fuels. A comprehensive understanding of high-pressure fluidization fundamentals is essential for the reliable design, scale-up and stable operation of industrial high-pressure fluidized bed systems, while the underlying hydrodynamic mechanisms and instability criteria of high-pressure fluidization have not yet been fully elucidated, restricting the further development and industrial application of this technology. This paper systematically reviews the 70-year development of high-pressure fluidization technology, with a focus on state-of-the-art industrial applications and fundamental research advances. We compile key industrialization milestones in core application fields, and systematically analyze the pressure-dependent evolution of key fluidization characteristics, including minimum fluidization and bubbling velocities, two-phase separation behavior, gas-solid mixing patterns and heat transfer performance. We systematically evaluate two mainstream theoretical frameworks for fluidization instability, clarify their applicability boundaries and key challenges in current research, and assess the validated design correlations in the literature to bridge the gap between fundamental fluidization research and industrial application. This review offers a comprehensive reference for academic research and industrial development of high-pressure fluidization technology.

Graphical abstract

Keywords

High-pressure fluidized bed reactors; Industrial application; Gas-solid multiphase flow; Two-phase separation; Transport behavior

文章导读